Psychology and Personality Of The Abuser

Psychology and Personality Of The maltreaterPsychology and Personality of the Abuser and AbusedAbstractDomestic forcefulness is the act of harassing an intimate or former intimate. Domestic fierceness is a widespread problem through come aside of the closet the world with woman and children being the nigh at risk. Most callrs suffer from various constitution affections ranging from paranoiac disposition inconvenience oneself to explosive record derangement. When a individual is ill-treated for a prolonged period of time the capital of Sweden Syndrome whitethorn develop with the abused becoming attached kindly and emotionally to the abuser. Seeking for professional dish may be difficult to attain, because both, the abuser and the abused, get out non provide their problem. Having law enforcement agencies coerce the abuser to go for therapy may be the however way to end the cycle of abuse. However, once the abuser is in therapy a variety of methods may be us ed ranging from medications to a greater extent(prenominal) as fluoxetine hydrocholoride to behavioural modification techniques.Domestic ViolenceDomestic military group is the anguish and abuse of one human to another human. It includes whatsoever hurtful or unwanted behavior perpetrated upon an individual by an intimate or prior intimate. These abuses range from physical beatings, emotional torture, mental abuse, sexual abuse, threat of force, defense force of necessities such as food and shelter. In the event where there argon children bear on the abuse may be coupled with additional torture, such as denial of custody of the children, running away with the children, and the fear of harming the children ( positions Stats, n.d.). absolute frequencyIn a study conducted by Heise, Ellsberg Gottemoeller (1999) they reported that as much as thirty three pct of women worldwide, pull up stakes be beaten, raped, coerced into sex, or otherwise be involved in a dispute of house ser vant violence during their lifetime. The US Department of Justice (2005) estimates that every two and a half minutes an incident of national violence occurs within the fall in States, and about two thirds of these assaults argon conducted by manyone who is familiar with the victim. utterer et al reports that each year up to ten million children sustain close to form domestic violence (Singer et al p. 104).Most at Risk GroupsShipway (2006) concluded that the groups near at risk are pregnant women. In a study conducted in East London, 15 percent of pregnant women interviewed reported being assaulted during their pregnancy. Of these, about forty percent reported that it started while they were pregnant, and thirty percent reported that at some time they suffered a miscarriage as a result of the violence (p 57). Another group being very vulnerable to domestic violence is children. Studies suggest that approximately ten million children are exposed to domestic violence annually (Family Violence Prevention Fund).Personality of AbuserNorman (2007) postulates that most abusers ordain reach some kind of paranoid soulfulnessality disorder. It will also be accompanied by suspiciousness, jealousy and invidia against the other accessory. In many instances a soul with a paranoid personality disorder may believe that everyone is out to get them, and this will only fuel their violence. It will also be used as an excuse to justify beatings and other abuses feedtedIn addition, when a nerve-racking situation arises, a person with a paranoid personality disorder will not analyze a particular problem with logic. Instead, they will blame others for the situation. Blaming others will further give them some kind of mental excuse to allow out their heat against others.People with a paranoid personality disorder are also constantly accusing their partner in doing things they are not doing. They may accuse their partner of cheating, plotting against them with others. Th ey may also coerce a partner in acting and sentiment as they do, and if the partner resists in keeping their independency they may scold out ruby-redly, verbally and sometimes physically (Norman 2007 insane personality disorder)Another personality disorder described by Norman (2007) is which may act as a trumpeter for domestic violence is explosive personality disorder sometimes referred to as intermittent explosive disorder. detonative personality disorder falls into the category of impulse-control disorders. People with explosive personality disorder are unable to control aggressive or tough impulses. What is more(prenominal) troubling is the fact that once these commonwealth act out the aggressive impulses, they feel a sense of relief nevertheless, in most instances they regret that the incidence occurred altogether. People with explosive personality disorder will express their aggressive impulse through a variety of violent behaviors they may range from physical assaul t on others to committing homicide. Sometimes these people may afflict damage upon themselves withal and may attempt to commit suicide (Norman 2007 Explosive personality disorder).Mindset of Abused angiotensin converting enzyme of the most intriguing phenomenons that psychologists must deal with is when people are abused for a prolonged period of time they may become mentally and emotionally attached to their abusers. So much so, they are unwilling to let go of the abuser, and are angry with anyone who wants to separate them form the abuser. This phenomenon is called the capital of Sweden syndrome.capital of Sweden SyndromeThe term capital of Sweden Syndrome was coined in 1973, to describe the puzzling reaction of quartet coin bank employees who were kidnapped. Three women and one man were taken security in one of the largest banks in Stockholm, and were held there for six days by two ex-convicts who while threatening their lives uttered them some acts of benevolence. On the six th day when the constabulary finally drilled a hole through the roof of the burial vault where they were unbroken and sprayed tear gas through the opening the hostage takers finally gave up. As soon as the hostage takers gave up the law of nature shouted to the hostages to come out before the hostages. But here a contrasted thing happened. Reporter Daniel Lang (1974) reportsThere was no movement in the vault. The hostages kept their ground, rejecting rescue. Defiant, Kristin (one of the hostages) shouted back, No, Olsson and Clark (the two captors) go first youll gun them down if we do Startled, the would-be liberators hesitated, then finally opened wide the outer adit and made way for Olsson and Clark (the two captors). As they stood framed in the doorway, the convicts and hostages quickly, utterly embraced each other, the women kissing their captors, Sven (one of the hostages) shaking hands with them. Their farewells oer, all six walked out of the vault, Olsson and Cl ark (the two captors) in the lead (Lang p. 114).Even when they were taken by the police and put into ambulances, the hostages go along to be concerned about their former captors. unmatchable of the hostages wondered what was happening to them and expressed the wish the whatever was being done for us should be done to them. Another hostage refused to lie down on her stretcher. She sat up, searching for her captors. When she saw one of her former captors being worked over by the police, she yelled to him, Clark, Ill see you again (Lang p. 114)Following their release, the hostages continued to see the police as their enemy and their captors as their protectors who gave them life. hotshot hostage accused psychiatrists of trying to brainwash her so as to turn her against her captors. one of the hostages tried to find hatred towards the captors but couldnt he instead began to check over what life is like in prison, and what his captors were doing. (Lang 1974 p. 120)Approximately one year after(prenominal) the ordeal, one of the hostages visited one of the captors in jail after having experienced a powerful impulse to do so. She refused to govern anyone what they discussed. According to U.S. News and dry land Report reporter Peter Annin (1985), two of the women hostages later became engaged to the captors.Precursors of Stockholm SyndromeGraham (1987) found that bounding to an abuser or captor occurred under a certain set of conditions perceived threat to survival perceived sympathy isolation, and the perceived inability to escape.Perceived Threat to SurvivalWhile most people view physical violence as a more serious offense than psychological abuse, the threat of physical violence is more psychologically debilitating than the actual violence. The psychological effect of chronic mental abuse is the most likely precursor to cause the syndrome. When a person lives in constant fear of being abused and they dont screw if the person knocking on the door, calling o n the phone, turning into the driveway or waiting around the corner will devour them, they will eventually develop an emotional bond to their aggressor for the mere fact that they did not kill them up until now. This emotional bond is the abuses psychological mechanism that this will hopefully persuade the abuser not to harm them (Graham 1987 p. 34).Perceived bountyA person whose survival is threatened perceives kindness differently then a person whose survival is not threatened. For instance, a small kindness one that likely would not be noticed under conditions of asylum appears huge under conditions of threat and/or debilitation (Graham 1987 p. 35). Angela Browne (1987) reports that some battered women experience the cessation of violence by their partners as show of kindness. Therefore, when this situation continues for a prolonged period of time, the abused person may begin to perceive the abuser as a kind person (Browne 1987 p. 81).IsolationIsolation is also a key element and a strong precedent to the Stockholm syndrome. For example, a wife batterer will seize his wife from her family. He will only permit his wife to affirm ties with her family if he sees that her family is sending her the message that they will not become involved in her married life.Abusers use a variety of strategies to isolate their victims. One of the main strategies is to discourage their victims from telling others who might help them if told about the abuse. A common threat is that they will kill them or their children if they dare tell anybody the truth about the abuse (Graham 1987 p. 35).Perceived Inability to EscapeAn abuser will usually use violence or the threat of violence to prevent the escape of the abused. For instance, an abuser will threaten that they will kill them if they leave, for if they leave them they wont have anyway what to lose in life. However, outsiders dont know of the threats, for the abused wont tell anybody of it out of fear of being harmed by th e abuser (Graham 1987 p. 36).Psychodynamics Underlying Stockholm Syndrome Graham (1987) postulated that the confluence of the four precursor conditions could be seen as giving rise to the psychodynamics that account for the apparently unique behaviors of people exhibiting the Stockholm Syndrome. Graham (1987) further hypothesized that the following psychodynamics underlie the Stockholm Syndrome.An abuser terrorized a victim, who cannot escape, by threatening their physical or psychological survival. Because of the terrorization, the victim needs nurturance and protection, and because the victim is isolated from other, they must turn to the abuser for nurturance and protection. Moreover, because of the need of for emotional support and the will to survive, and since there appears to be no ways and means for the victim to escape further terrorization, the victim actively searches for closeness and expressions of kindness, empathy and affection from the abuser. If the victim perceive s that kindness from the abuser, they become hopeful that the abuser will eventually end the abuse.With the perception of kindness and hope, the victim denies any feeling of danger, terror and rage that the abuser creates. This denial occurs because the terror and thence danger is experienced as overwhelming, and if the victim should express any discord against the abuser, they may be punished physically and/or mentally. Thus, they deny their truthful emotions and focus their attention to keep the abuser happy, so they not terrorize them more. If this phenomenon continues for a prolonged period of time, Graham concludes that it may lead to the Stockholm Syndrome (Graham 1987 p. 38).TherapyTherapy for domestic violence is very tricky. Norman (2007) suggests that therapy should be concentrated on the abuser, for it will be easier to deal with the abuser then the abused. Although he admits that this too is also very hard, for the abuser will never admit that they have a problem. Fur thermore, because of their personality disorders, they dont trust anyone including a psychologist. However, when they are being coerced by the legal system to undergo therapy, Prozac has been proven to be the scoop up treatment for paranoid personality disorder (PPD), and for explosive personality disorder (EPD) the best treatment will be medication accompanied with behavioral modification techniques (Norman 2007 Explosive personality disorder paranoid personality disorder).ReferencesAnnin, P. (1985, July 8). Hostages reinforcement in the aftermath. U.S. News and World Report, (44), 99.Browne, A. (1987). When battered women kill. New York Free Press. Fact Stats. (n.d.). Turn Around (facts stats). Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http//www.turnaroundinc.orgFamily violence prevention fund. (n.d.). The facts on children and domestic violence. Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http//www.endabuse.org/resources/facts/Children.pdfGraham, D. L. R. (1987). pleasant to survive sexual terror me ns violence and womens lives. New York New York University Press.Heise, L., Ellsberg, M., Gettermoeller, M. (1999). ending Violence Against Women (Series L ed.) Pamphlet.Lang, D. (1974, November 25). A reporter at large The bank drama. THe New Yorker, pp. 56 126.Norman, J. (2007). Explosive personality disorder. In Bella online the voice of women. Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http//www.bellaonline.com/art26981.aspNorman, J. (2007). Paranoid personality disorder and domestic violence. In Bella online the vioce of women. Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http//www.bellaonline.com/articles/art.47612.aspShipway, L. (2006, March). Domestic violence and abuse specific at-risk grpups. Prctice Nurse, 31(6), 56.Singer, M. I., Miller, D. B., Guo, S., Slovak, K., Frieson, T. (1998). The mental health consequences of the exposure to domestic volence. Cleveland Western taciturnity University.US Department of Justice. (2005). Retrieved April 8, 2007, from http//www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.ht mShipway, L. (2006, March). Domestic violence and abuse specific at-risk groups. dedicate Nurse, 31(6), 56.Singer, M. I., Miller, D. B., Guo, S., Slovak, K., Frieson, T. (1998). The mental health consequences of the exposure to domestic violence. Cleveland Western Reserve University.