Biblical Allusions in Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery

Throughout many works of literature, authors have used allusions for the reader to be able to make multiple connects between many different important works of art. In all types of literature, whether it is a poem, novel, or part of a casual/scintillating conversation, allusions are between the lines of most readings, connecting dots immediately due to their hidden, yet obvious meanings. Once one takes a closer look, the reader can observe that Jackson uses biblical allusions in her short story to create many references to different stories and facts in the Bible: such as sin, Jesus saving Mary, Jesus dying on the cross, and more. Making each statement count in her short story to touch the reader, she uses variety approaches of literary†¦show more content†¦Although the title The Lottery plays with the choice of words for the ritual to sound like a game, the grand prize it to pay for the towns sins, such a Jesus did for the whole world. Leading up to that, by no mistake, did Mrs. Hutchinson say the she thought her husband was out in the back chopping wood. Jackson chooses her words carefully to refer to how Jesus dies on the cross, and her husband was chopping the wood when he pulled the first black dot proceeding to Mrs. Hutchinson picking the final slip of paper that contained the black dot. Even the choice of names brings biblical mentions. Unlike many characters in The Lottery, we find out a lot about Mr. Summers, the bright side the God offers within the Bible. Hes married to a scold and has no children, so the villagers feel sorry for him – even though he runs a coal business and [has] time and energy to devote to civic activities like the square dances, the teen club, the Halloween program, and of course, the lottery (Jackson). This statement give quite a bit of information to the reader about the priorities of the villagers: they appear to place more emphasis on a traditional family life than on the kind of worldly success that Mr. Summers has achieved. Mr. Summers cares majority about the surface that shows and not content that fulfills within. Behind the scenes of his reforming, the call for a new box and paper instead of wood, there isShow MoreRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 PagesLegend of Sleepy Hollow, resembles hi s long-legged namesake. Names can also contain literary or historical allusions that aid in characterization by means of association. The name ‘Ethan Brand’, referring to the wandering lime burner who gives his name to Hawthorne’s short story, contains an allusion to the mark or brand of Cain a legacy of guilt that the outcast Brand shares with his Biblical counterpart. One must also, however, be alert to names used ironically which characterize through inversion

Why we need dress codes, argumentative essay MLA.

Schools Need Dress Codes Dress codes in public schooling have recently been a controversial issue nation-wide. Mandatory uniform policys measures and emphasize the benefits of students on specific behavioral and academic outcomes. The arguments for the issue are just as strong as those against the issue. There are two main points surrounding school uniforms: performance and school and reduction of violence due to uniformity. Uniforms are argued to positively affect student safety by: lowering student victimization, decreasing gang activity and fights and differentiating strangers from students in school building. Dress codes in public schools would be good, in order to cut down the violence, which would eliminate the problems of†¦show more content†¦A dress code will allow students to make friends on their personal qualities, rather than appearance. Too often students classify other students but the way they dress. Many students avoid some of their classmates because of the way they dress, rather than trying to be friends with them (Brunsma 5-6). Students would make friends with people that have the same common interests with themselves, rather than people that dress like them. The anonymous author of Rules of Fashion says that the dress code is one thing that has served to lower crime, violence, and increase attendance and increase learning at a lot of schools. And a dress code itself and important statement because we want our young children, whether rich, poor, or middle class, when theyre in school to define themselves primarily in terms of whats going on inside, not what theyre wearing not he outside (Anonymous 2). As with any issue, there are people who are on both sides of this issue. The argument for school uniforms says that uniforms decrease violence in the schools. People who argue this side of the issue state that when the students wear school uniforms, that the number of infractions on the rules is decreased. The argument against the issue says that there are other programs that the schools can undertake that produce the same effects with out the school uniforms. Jan Conley, author of the article School and Dress Codes says that people that are against dress code policies stress the legal and

Pathophysiology of Pain in Cancer

Question: Discuss about thePathophysiology of Pain in Cancer. Answer: Introduction If a patient suffers from cancer then pain can frequently occur. Some kinds of cancer are almost untreatable; however the pain can be treated according to patient satisfaction. Understanding the Pathophysiology of the cancer pain is important for carrying out pharmacological management of pain. The pain is a very disturbing sensory experience, which occurs due to destruction or damage in the tissue cells (Falk, and Dickenson, 2014). Destruction of the tissues can be called as tearing or ripping of that part of body. The intense pain is caused due to cancer. The humans, sense pain through the nervous system. At the end of every nerve in the skin, there is pain sensing structure is present. This is called as Nociceptors and this pain sensing structure is also present on bones, internal organs and connective tissues. The stimulus of the pain is modulated through various nerve systems. The sensations of the pain are sent to the spinal cord through two types of fibers, which are A delta fiber and C fiber (Webber et al, 2014). A delta fiber transfers the sensation of the pain very quickly, while the C fibers are considered to be unmyelinated and are slower in transferring the pain senses. The signals of the A delta fiber can be sensed immediately if any part of the body is hurt, but the adverse pain of the wound is sensed later, which is because of the C fiber. At the level of the synapses, variety of the neurotransmitters is responsible for modulating the pain. These neurotransmitters are noradrenaline, prostaglandins, substance P, endorphins, and enkephalins (von Gunten, 2011). The neurotransmitters remain active at the level of spinal cord, brain and nociceptor. The pain can become worse if some of the neurotransmitters amplify. Pain is mainly categorized in the two main categories; these categories are nociceptive and neuropathic. The Pathophysiology of the cancer pain can be affected by the physical findings, history and laboratory results of the patient. The pain associated with tumor is generally nonciceptive and that associated with injury of the neural tissues is neuropathic. Nociceptive Pain According to the study of von Gunten (2011) due to the stimulation of the nociceptor in the peripheral nervous system, results in the nociceptive pain. The pain is the result of tissue damage that has been caused due to chemical, mechanical and thermal stimuli. Some the core characteristics associated with this kind of pain are mediation of the pain through direct stimulation of the nociceptors. The transmission of this kind of pain takes the neural pathway that includes A delta fiber, C fiber, dorsal horn of the spinal cord and then towards brain. This kind of pain can be chonic as well as acute. This kind of pain is further sub divided in somatic and visceral pain, which is characterized by the location of presence of nociceptors. Nociceptive pain can be further subdivided into somatic and visceral pain based on the location of the nociceptors. This kind of pain occurs in the somatic nervous system of bones, muscles, skin and integuments. Visceral pain is characterized as the stimulation of the nociceptor occurs in the visceral organs of the body. The visceral organs include liver, intestine, spleen etc. According to pathophysioloy of thei kind of pain, the localizing the pain becomes difficult for the patient. According to Falk, S. and Dickenson (2014) It is very difficult to localize such kind of pain, this is because the autonomic nervous system is unmyelinated frequently and link in plexuses are highly crossed. Neuropathic Pain The Pathophysiology of the pain changes in Neuropathic pain, as the Pathophysiology changes to peripheral or central nervous system. The changes in the nervous system are caused due to various reaso9ns. The changes in the peripheral nervous system can be caused due to trauma of surgical operation, chemotherapy, and attempt of the nervous system tissue to regrow (Webber et al, 2014). The changes in the central nervous system are characterized by sensitization and also central pain syndrome. In comparison to nociceptive type of pains in cancer, neuropathic pain is difficult to be identified and pharmacological management of such pain becomes difficult. The changes in the peripheral system occur due the ectopic activity of the sodium channels. In addition to this condition, the stimulation of the excitatory amino acid pathways in the spinal cord also occur (Fallon, 2013). The nerves who are found to be involved in the neuropathic pain are highly damaged the abnormal functioning occur in the compensatory mechanism of the nervous system. This situation induces more painful situation for the individual suffering with cancer. Bibliography Fallon, M.T., 2013. Neuropathic pain in cancer.British journal of anaesthesia,111(1), pp.105-111. Falk, S. and Dickenson, A.H., 2014. Pain and nociception: mechanisms of cancer-induced bone pain.Journal of Clinical Oncology,32(16), pp.1647-1654. von Gunten, C.F., 2011. Pathophysiology of pain in cancer.Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology,33, pp.S12-S18. Webber, K., Davies, A.N., Zeppetella, G. and Cowie, M.R., 2014. Development and validation of the breakthrough pain assessment tool (BAT) in cancer patients.Journal of pain and symptom management,48(4), pp.619-631.

John Marshal Essays - James Madison, 6th United States Congress

John Marshal Blake Zuckerman Period 1 History Did the Supreme Court Under John Marshal have a significant impact on American history? John Marshall was born in 1755. He was the 4th chief justice of the U.S Supreme Court of Virginia for 34 years. (http://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/08102.html) He was a federalist who believed that the U.S should have a powerful central government. Marshall defended the U.S. constitution, and did not trust the Jeffersonians because he felt it was his duty to protect the government. Many of his conclusions and decisions were drawn from three major cases, which were: Fletcher vs. Peck, Marbury vs. Madison and McCulloch vs. Maryland. (http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/B/jmarshal/marsh.htm) He had a great impact on getting the people to respect the Supreme Court, which later gave him the nickname Great Chief Justice. He had a great positive impact on the Supreme Court, but mostly on the judicial system. (http://history1700s.about/aa022198.htm?iam=ask&terms=) Below I will describe any significant information needed about John Marshall and about some of the major cases. The case Marbury vs. Madison was brought to attention by William Marbury. He ordered James Madison to give him his commission as justice of the peace. (Madison was the secretary of the state at the time.) In this case Marshall favored Marbury. Marshall argued that the court might rule an act of congress unenforceable if the act goes against the constitution. From this Marshall made the Doctrine of Judicial Power. (http://history1700s.about/aa022198.htm?iam=ask&terms=) One of the significant cases Marshall dealt with was the case of McCulloch vs. Maryland. That case occurred in 1819, and showed that Marshall could use the constitution wisely and to his advantage. It is about how Maryland tried to force the Bank of the United States out of its territory by taxing it. Marshall favored McCulloch and backed him up with the statement that no state had the right to hinder or control any national institution established within its borders (quote from article III of the Articles of Confederation). (http://www.encyclopedia.com/) From this, Marshall established the doctrine of judicial view. (www.law.cornell.edu) The constitution was very helpful in supporting the federal government for Marshall. There was also the famous case, of Fletcher vs. Peck in 1810. In this Marshall made the law that states that the Constitution protects against interference from the states. This case was the first time that the court declared a state law unconstitutional. (World Book Encyclopedia, book 13, pg. 230) In conclusion I think I think Marshall made a very significant impact on American society while under the Supreme Court. There were many more things that he did to change our country. Some of those helped build freedom of speech, criminal law, civil rights, and many more. Marshall helped make what our country is today. I doubt anyone can look at what he did over his 34 years as a Chief Justice and say he didnt make a great impact on American history. Bibliography 1. http://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/08102.html (March 1, 2000) 2. http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/B/jmarshal/marsh.htm (March 1, 2000) 3. http://history1700s.about/aa022198.htm?iam=ask&terms=) (March 1, 2000) 4. http://www.apva.org/apva/john.html (March 1, 2000) 5. www.encyclopedia.com (March 1, 2000)

Resilience Essay for Unbroken by Laura Hillenbrand free essay sample

Resilience is a word that few people know of and even fewer people possess it as a character trait. It means to be able to bounce back from something quickly. It can be developed from a tragic event that happened in one’s life or even a series of events that would break down a normal person. Resilience is a trait possessed by these four people who have definitely encountered and are still living through life changing events. Those four people are Laura Hillenbrand, Louis Zamperini, Russell Phillips, and Fred Garrett. Laura Hillenbrand is becoming a world sensation after writing her bestselling book, Unbroken. Sure she may seem like she is living the dream life with thousands of people buying her books every day, but what most people do not know about her is that she suffers from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, a disease that drains all energy from the body and leaves it feeling lifeless and overly tired. We will write a custom essay sample on Resilience Essay for Unbroken by Laura Hillenbrand or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The disease keeps her on bed rest for many of her days but she still finds time to write bestselling novels. She is resilient in that because even though she is living with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, she does not let it stop her from living her life and doing what she loves. She developed the disease while on a road trip with her boyfriend and other friends. They were driving along a highway when a deer began to step into the road. The car barely missed the deer by a few inches. Later that night a meteor came streaking across the sky. She was the only one who saw it. She then became very nauseous. Her boyfriend thought she had food poisoning but he would later learn that she had developed CFS, or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Louis Zamperini is a World War Two veteran and the main character of Laura Hillenbrand’s bestselling novel, Unbroken. Louis was born on January 26, 1917. As a child, he was constantly on the go and causing trouble. It did not matter how many times he was caught, he always went back to wreaking havoc on the streets of Torrance, California, the town where he grew up. By doing so, he developed resilience. When he was a teenager, he ran track for his high school team. He then went to the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany on the United States track team. While in Berlin, a group on opposing runners boxed him in during a meet and cut his legs all to pieces using the pikes on the bottom of their cleats. He never let that stop him. He managed to bounce right back. When he went into the U. S. Air Corps, a plane he was on called, The Green Hornet, crashed into the middle of the Pacific. He and two other men were the only survivors. It was forty-seven days before he saw land again. That did not break him either. He was captured as a prisoner of war in Japan where he was beaten, starved, and he contracted many diseases. He pulled through and returned to his normal state upon arrival back on United States soil. Russell Phillips was a pilot for crew number eight in the nine-crew 372nd bomb squadron of the 307th bomb group, seventh Air Force. He flew the plane that carried Louis Zamperini. Phillips was born in Greencastle, Indiana, in 1916. When he was a boy, he was a lot like Louis. He was quiet on the outside but inside he had a wild streak. When he was in ROTC, his captain called him the lousiest-looking soldier. He never let that get him down. He proved to be a fine airman. He flew his airmen to through very dangerous bombings and all survived but one. He survived the crashing of The Green Hornet along with two others. He then survived forty-seven days in a raft floating through the Pacific with Louis and a man named Mac. Like Louis, Phillips survived the prisoner of war camps and took all of the beatings. He would not be broken by the Japanese. He too bounced back from the trauma. A good friend of both Louis and Russell was enrolled as an airman for the United States Air Force. He was an amputee with only one leg. He lost it upon his arrival in a Japanese prisoner of war camp. He injured it and it soon became badly infected. Because of this, a Japanese doctor amputated his leg off at the knee. He was able to show resilience though and recovered rather quickly. He also was a resilient survivor of the prisoner of war camps. Now all of these people are resilient in one way or another. Some were told they would never make it. Another is fighting a disease. One has a physical disability. Others were beaten down further than any human being should be. After all that they have been through, at the end of the day, they remain unbroken. Resilience Essay for Unbroken by Laura Hillenbrand free essay sample Resilience is a word that few people know of and even fewer people possess it as a character trait. It means to be able to bounce back from something quickly. It can be developed from a tragic event that happened in one’s life or even a series of events that would break down a normal person. Resilience is a trait possessed by these four people who have definitely encountered and are still living through life changing events. Those four people are Laura Hillenbrand, Louis Zamperini, Russell Phillips, and Fred Garrett. Laura Hillenbrand is becoming a world sensation after writing her bestselling book, Unbroken. Sure she may seem like she is living the dream life with thousands of people buying her books every day, but what most people do not know about her is that she suffers from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, a disease that drains all energy from the body and leaves it feeling lifeless and overly tired. We will write a custom essay sample on Resilience Essay for Unbroken by Laura Hillenbrand or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The disease keeps her on bed rest for many of her days but she still finds time to write bestselling novels. She is resilient in that because even though she is living with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, she does not let it stop her from living her life and doing what she loves. She developed the disease while on a road trip with her boyfriend and other friends. They were driving along a highway when a deer began to step into the road. The car barely missed the deer by a few inches. Later that night a meteor came streaking across the sky. She was the only one who saw it. She then became very nauseous. Her boyfriend thought she had food poisoning but he would later learn that she had developed CFS, or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Louis Zamperini is a World War Two veteran and the main character of Laura Hillenbrand’s bestselling novel, Unbroken. Louis was born on January 26, 1917. As a child, he was constantly on the go and causing trouble. It did not matter how many times he was caught, he always went back to wreaking havoc on the streets of Torrance, California, the town where he grew up. By doing so, he developed resilience. When he was a teenager, he ran track for his high school team. He then went to the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany on the United States track team. While in Berlin, a group on opposing runners boxed him in during a meet and cut his legs all to pieces using the pikes on the bottom of their cleats. He never let that stop him. He managed to bounce right back. When he went into the U. S. Air Corps, a plane he was on called, The Green Hornet, crashed into the middle of the Pacific. He and two other men were the only survivors. It was forty-seven days before he saw land again. That did not break him either. He was captured as a prisoner of war in Japan where he was beaten, starved, and he contracted many d iseases. He pulled through and returned to his normal state upon arrival back on United States soil. Russell Phillips was a pilot for crew number eight in the nine-crew 372nd bomb squadron of the 307th bomb group, seventh Air Force. He flew the plane that carried Louis Zamperini. Phillips was born in Greencastle, Indiana, in 1916. When he was a boy, he was a lot like Louis. He was quiet on the outside but inside he had a wild streak. When he was in ROTC, his captain called him the lousiest-looking soldier. He never let that get him down. He proved to be a fine airman. He flew his airmen to through very dangerous bombings and all survived but one. He survived the crashing of The Green Hornet along with two others. He then survived forty-seven days in a raft floating through the Pacific with Louis and a man named Mac. Like Louis, Phillips survived the prisoner of war camps and took all of the beatings. He would not be broken by the Japanese. He too bounced back from the trauma. A good friend of both Louis and Russell was enrolled as an airman for the United States Air Force. He was an amputee with only one leg. He lost it upon his arrival in a Japanese prisoner of war camp. He injured it and it soon became badly infected. Because of this, a Japanese doctor amputated his leg off at the knee. He was able to show resilience though and recovered rather quickly. He also was a resilient survivor of the prisoner of war camps. Now all of these people are resilient in one way or another. Some were told they would never make it. Another is fighting a disease. One has a physical disability. Others were beaten down further than any human being should be. After all that they have been through, at the end of the day, they remain unbroken.

Marie Antoinette Synopsis Essay

Marie Antoinette Synopsis Essay Marie Antoinette Synopsis Essay Marie Antoinette Film Synopsis Marie Antoinette is the most renowned and well-known French queen the world has ever known. The film, Marie Antoinette (2006), reveals this adequately. The film exhibits the life of the young French queen who was formerly Austrian; who became the French queen through a common practice of performing a hand-over that required the marriage of younger members of differing royal families. During the late 1700’s, Austria and France were struggling to achieve peace; the marriage of the Dauphin of France and the young princess of Austria, both equally young in age, seemed to be the solution to the problem. In the film we witness this occurring and we eventually we see that Marie Antoinette becomes the queen of France shortly after King Louis XV’s death in 1774. Following this, we begin to see Marie lead a life of luxury that contains lavish spending, gambling and drinking. Eventually, we see that she comes to symbolize everything that was wrong with the French monarchy at the t ime. In the movie, one of her most famous, yet not confirmed quotes, is stated, â€Å"Let them eat cake.† This quote sparked some of the French Revolution and it caused most of the French nation to view her with hatred because of her apparent ignorance to the French people’s rapidly decreasing quality of life. Even though the queen ignored the rumors and seemed to have it all, she struggled in one very important aspect of any queen’s life, the task of giving birth to an heir. In this time period, if a queen failed to give birth to an heir, she was viewed as unfit for the throne and she was often joked about during commoner/aristocratic dinner. The reason she struggled with this is because she often failed to arouse her husband’s sexual desires. Although this was reoccurring during the first decade of their marriage, Marie Antoinette eventually gave birth to an heir. Of the children she gave birth to, two of the children died causing for her reputation as queen to be weakened. As the French Revolution grew to a climax and the royal family was in an increasing amount of danger because of it, Marie Antoinette began to fear for the lives of her and her family. A few years later, she was executed in Paris and this marked the end of Marie Antoinette. In the beginning of her reign, Marie Antoinette had only a few conflicting loyalties between herself, her heritage and France. When she was handed over by the Austrians to the French, Marie Antoinette struggled to become everything the French desired in a future queen. She often struggled with leaving past practices in

Portland State University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Portland State University - Essay Example The four goals of Capstone course that have been influential towards producing socially responsible students are Communication, Inquiry and Critical Thinking, Ethical and Social Responsibility and lastly, the Appreciation of Human Diversity. The experience that I gained during the study of Capstone course has been so helpful in my life (Portland State University 2). As mentioned above, the goal of the course was to enable students develop proper inquiry and critical thinking abilities. During the study, I was given assignments of reading a number of books then submit short write-ups that linked the material covered in the book and current events. After doing a number of these assignments, I was able to gain mastery in relating strategic management concepts, theory and frameworks to the current events. In addition, I developed skills or ability of understanding implications and results of the current events in business practice. Capstone Course also entailed class discussions that inv olved the division of the course students into groups. Critical thinking as well as inquiry was essential in contributing during discussions.

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 115

Case Study Example ounder of the company, Robert Stephens, started the company with only $200 after realizing the need for the use of technological equipment and machines and the challenges in operating such machines. Most of the people complained that the manuals for the equipment took a long time to read and they could not understand the instructions (Kerin 47). Stephens took advantage of this gap in the market and established the company to help the population manage their equipment, and at standardized cost. There exists the problem of competition that faces the Geek Squad Company due to the changes in the environment. There is also a lot of technology improvement in the market, an aspect that has created the need for more and specialized maintenance of the equipment provided to customers. The key environmental factors that contributed to the start of the Geek Company is the presence of customers who could not understand nor cope up with the technology present in the various equipment they purchased. Stephens took advantage of this gap to start up Geek Squad. The Best Buy Company purchased Geek Squad in 2002. The main factors that contributed to this purchase were the increasing awareness among the customers for the increasing importance of service (Kerin 52). The customers were so happy when they bought items at Best Buy but they soon returned them and demanded for a refund since they could not efficiently operate the equipment. This was the case especially for the women who expected personal services during and after the service, and especially for installation purposes. As such, Geek Squad should have consideration for the trends likely to affect the business in the future. There is increasing technology that will make consumer electronics more complicated (Kerin 54). More people will want to purchase one of the electronics, and this will increase the demand for the services of Geek Squad but lower the costs of maintenance of the equipment. However, there will be an

History 101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History 101 - Essay Example Besides the Goths taking over the Roman Empire, and the Franks and Gauls rising up to form the Frankish Kingdom, Christianity was spreading quickly and had already permeated in Roman society and still survived even the fall of Rome. All of this resulted to the integration of various cultures and practices. The Carolingian Dynasty was perhaps the earliest successful of a prosperous medieval kingdom. It was considered a model or example of how a successful merging of different cultures and practices can mix well to bring out a stable political structure, a flourishing society and a thriving intellectual atmosphere. This was all possible and caused by and during the rule of Charles the Great or Charlemagne. The Carolingian period was stable in rule, but nothing really as compared with that of the Roman Empire’s political structure. While the Romans had their Caesars as absolute rulers and the Senators as representatives of the people as well as advisors to the Caesars, the Carolingian rulers formed what seemed to be a different form of government. What developed were kingdoms -- the king had to constantly move around his land in order to show and prove himself to his subjects (Kreis, â€Å"Charlemagne and the Carolingian Renaissance†). This of course was called the Feudal system, or Feudalism, in which the land was divided among the nobles in power who laid their allegiance to the king of the realm. This was particularly very Gallic and Germanic influence because they did not maintain for the sole reason that Rome had built a government around the emperor and his elaborate and extensive administrative bureaucracy (Kreis). The Roman political structure relied on its efficient and effective system of political management to keep the state running properly. Proper protocol is followed among the hierarchy of powers, and the various political positions are there to check each other and maintain balance and order. The legal system, as well as

The Rorschach Ink Blot

The Rorschach Ink Blot Rorschach Ink Blot The Rorschach Ink Blot In 1921, Herman Rorschach published Psychodiagnostik. The Rorschach test was included as a monograph. Herman Rorschach received his inspiration for the ink blot test by J. Kerner. Kerner believed that responses to interpretation of ink blots could reveal important individual meanings. Rorschach applied this theory to diagnose psychological disorders. David Levy brought the Rorschach test to the United States. The test originally was received with skepticism and criticism from the European and American psychological community. The community found it useless due to the lack of scientific evidence. The cost, according to Psychological Assessment Resources, is around a hundred dollars. There are also many supplemental workbooks to aid in the administration and scoring. These workbooks run from around sixty to a hundred dollars. Herman Rorschach designed the ink blot test to measure individual’s responses and identify psychological disorders. The Rorschach has 10 separate cards. Five of the cards are black and gray. Two of the cards are black, gray, and red. Three of the cards are a mixture of pastel colors. Rorschach can be used for many ages. Only Professionals can administer the test due to the intense administration and scoring. Rorschach is most often used in clinical settings. The administration for the Rorschach is an extensive process. The examiner must make sure that the test is administered as ambiguously as possible. Subjects may ask many questions to get a basic structure. The examiner must only give away basic instructions, such as â€Å"what might this be?† Examiners must not respond to the subjects responses verbally or nonverbally. This might led to the subjects attempting to please the examiner’s expectations. Also Exner recommended that the examiner sat next to the subject instead of the traditional position of face-to-face. This was to reduce the non-verbal cues from the examiner. There are two parts of the test. The first part is the free-association phase. The examiner may ask the subject what he/she might see in the first card. Each card is administered individually. The subject then tells what he/she sees on the inkblot card. If his/her answer is insufficient the examiner makes a remark for the subject to attempt to look for more on the card. It is important that the examiner write down everything the subject says and every noise the subject makes. Also the examiner must record the subject’s reaction time. The position that the card is in while the subject is examining it must be recording precisely. For example, the examiner would have to report that for card 3 the subject’s reaction time was 2 minutes and the card was sideways. The second part of the test is the inquiry phase. The cards are shown again individually to the respondent. There are five dimensions on which the subject’s response is scored on. The dimensions are location, form quality, content, and frequency of occurrence. The first dimension, location, is where on the inkblot the subject saw his/her perception. The scores for location are W, D, Dd, or DW. A score of W means the subject saw his/her perception using the whole blot. A score of D means the subject saw his/her perception using a common detail. A score of Dd means the subject saw his/her perception using an unusual detail. A score of DW means that the subject gave a confabulatory or over generalized response. For a normal subject there is usually a balance between W, D, and Dd responses. By calculating frequencies of these responses, quantitative data is available to work with. Location alone is not enough to determine a specific mental problem. The second dimension is determinant, which is what determined response. There are four properties that can make up a response, form or shape, perceived movement, color, and shading. The score is determined off of which property the subject utilizes to develop a response. For example if the subject’s response was just based of the perceived form it would be a pure form response. There are also subdivisions within the properties. Perceived movement can be further divided into human (M), animal (FM), or inanimate (m) movements. The determinant is the most difficult to score because administration instructions are so vague. Also a major part of scoring determinant is the examiner’s interpretation of the inkblot. It would be best if the examiner had intense experience, but this is not very likely. Determinant scoring stirs up controversy. Many experts believe that scoring perceived movement does not measure psychological issues. Perceived movement may measure motor activity and impulses in the brain. It was believed that subjects that gave two cooperative movement responses were easy to interact with. Research studies illustrates that this theory wrong. The third property, form quality, is the measure of how well the subject’s response equates with the stimulus properties of the inkblot. If the examiner is able to see the subject’s perception then there is adequate form quality. If the examiner is unable to see the subject’s perception then there is poor form quality. This is not a reliable measure due to the dependence on the state of the examiner. Exner designed a comprehensive system to increase reliability of scoring. The fourth property, content, is what the perception was. This is simple to score. The perception must fall into three categories: human (H), animal (A), or nature (N). The final property, frequency of occurrence, is how popular the response is. This is a quantitative measure, therefore easy to score. Despite the fact that the Rorschach test is widely used, it has never been adequately normed. Exner attempted to norm the Rorschach in 1986. It was based off of the average adult American. Exner then used his findings to apply to the scoring of each variable. This proved to be helpful to the examiners of the Rorschach. Exner had to renorm the Rorschach due to faulty norm samples in his first attempt. With his new sample, it was found that his original system overpathologized subjects. The consequences from overpathologizing are immense. If the Rorschach is utilized to diagnose one with a psychological disorder, there is a good chance it over-diagnosed the subject. The Rorschach has been known to be used in forensics. If someone wishes to use the insanity plea, the Rorschach could benefit the perpetrator. The Rorschach’s reliability is even controversial. There are many studies arguing for and against its reliability. A meta-analysis was conducted of all past research done on Rorschach’s reliability. Exner argued that the test-retest coefficients are in the .70’s and that is acceptable. The odd-even technique results were in that range. Exner’s Comprehensive system produced adequate reliability, .61 to .74. The environment in which the test is administered profoundly affects the reliability. It can be found that the reliability in forensic and clinical settings is .80 to .90. Rorschach main component is relating to psychological disorders. Although when studies were conducted to prove Rorschach as a sufficient diagnostic tool, the results were not in favor of Rorschach. Even with the revised Comprehensive System by Exner, the test fails to relate to diagnoses. Major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociative disorder and antisocial disorders are just a few disorders that do not link to Rorschach’s test. The incremental validity of Rorschach with MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) have been proved and disproved by studies. This is another example of the controversy surrounding the Rorschach impact on the psychological community. LA Times writer, Rosie Mestel reveals interesting background information about how Rorschach developed this theory. As a boy, Rorschach enjoyed a game in which players made ink blots then described what they say. Then as a psychiatrist he noticed that schizophrenic patients saw unusual things in ink blots. He then studied the responses of ordinary people and his schizophrenic patients. He then published his book with less than an enthusiastic response from the Swiss psychological community. Less than a year later the original publishing company went bankrupt and Rorschach died from a ruptured appendix. It wasn’t until the test reached the United States that it became famous. With all the controversy surrounding the test, it almost died out in the United States. John Exner saved the Rorschach from dying out. Yet, even today Exner’s version is under heat for unreliability and invalidity. Studies have been done to identify if the Rorschach could aid in differentiating psychological disorders from each other. A study was done in 2001 to determine the Rorschach’s ability to distinguish boys with Asperger’s Disorder from other psychological disorders. According to the results those boys who â€Å"underreport[ed] human content (H) or human movement (M), and cooperative movement (COP) in humans or animals† were more likely to have Asperger’s Disorder (Holaday, Moak, Shipley, 2001). Although the Rorschach doesn’t coincide with DSM-IV criteria, it provides psychologists to differentiate those boys with Asperger’s Disorder. A major disorder that the Rorschach has evidence to identify is Narcissism. It is reiterated that the Rorschach was not derived from DSM-IV criteria, but it relates well in the area of narcissism. Those who are more apt to narcissism relate ink blots on a personal level (Hilsenroth, M. J., Fowler, J.C., Padawer, J.R., Handler, L., 1997). The two variables in the Rorschach that predicted narcissism are reflection and idealization (Hilsenroth et al.). These studies illustrate that Rorschach might not be perfect in diagnosing and identifying psychological disorders, but it is still helpful. The Rorschach can be used as a supplemental tool to further discriminate a subject from multiple disorders. Regardless of the Rorschach’s reliability or unreliability, it is a widely used test in the world of psychology. When people think of psychological testing, a vision of inkblots comes to mind. The media has hyped the Rorschach to be a magnificent tool to diagnose â€Å"crazy† people. This accounts for the common view of the Rorschach being an accurate measure of psychological health. According to the studies done on the Rorschach’s reliability, it is not a safe measure. The United State’s Law system utilizes the test as a measure of criminal’s sanity. This is not safe for the general public. There is too much evidence to disclaim the test’s ability. The test also leaves too much room for error on the part of the examiner. If the examiner had malicious intentions, he/she could detrimental effect the subject. This is why the Rorschach should only be used as a supplemental tool. The Rorschach can be extremely beneficial to clinicians. Only so much information can be obtained from a personal interview and questionnaire. The Rorschach could reveal interesting parts of a person’s psyche. The information obtained from the test could be used in counseling that works on unresolved issues buried in one’s psyche. These issues could have been buried until many years of counseling forced them out. Under these circumstances the Rorschach is beneficial to both the subject and to the participating clinician. Time, money, and work could be saved by utilizing the Rorschach as a supplemental tool. It is also very important that only professionals administer the Rorschach. Many psychological programs spend a few weeks teaching the Rorschach, but if one wishes to administer the Rorschach regularly it must be mastered. As stated before there is an enormous amount of room open for error on the examiner’s part. Scoring and administration must be practiced numerous before results are taken seriously. This is for the benefit of the clinician and to the subject. Slightly biased results are just detrimental as incorrect results. In conclusion, the Rorschach remains a ground-breaking, controversial, and fascinating psychological test. One should not trust the results completely. Like any test there is always room for error, either on the examiner or subject’s part. It is extremely difficult to administer, score, and even take it. The Rorschach test should be respected for its ability to differentiate disorders and use as a supplemental tool in therapy. Unfortunately, the Rorschach’s reliability and validity prevent it from use as a sufficient diagnostic tool in the psychological community. References Hilsenroth, M.J., Fowler, J.C., Padawer, J.R. (1997). Narcissism in the Rorschach revisited: Some reflections on empirical data. Psychological Assessment, 9, 113-121. Holaday, M.E., Moak, J., Shipley, M.A. (2001). Rorschach protocols from children and adolescents with Asperger’s disorder. Journal of Personal Assessment, 76, 482-495. Mestel, R. (2003). Rorschach lore and the test’s legacy. LA Times, f5. Kaplan, R. M. Saccuzzo, D. P. (2005). Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues. United States: Thomson Wadsworth.

Is Fast Food Killing People? Essay

Nowadays obesity has become one of the vital problems in the USA. The quantity of overweight or obese people has been increasing dramatically through the past decades, carrying the raise in number of young people suffering from heart diseases, diabetes and other weight-related diseases. Maintaining healthy weight among the citizens has become one of the most significant tasks for the contemporary health professionals. The nutritionists and therapists name several reasons that lead to obesity in children, adolescents and adults. They say that while the lack of physical activity plays its part in this process, it is mostly improper ration that leads to the progress of this disease. The thing is that most Americans eat more than they should. They overeat every day, and, in addition, their food is mostly high in calories and fat. One of the reasons of this process is that the fast foods are gaining popularity in throughout the USA with each passing year. The excessive consumption of fast foods leads to developing dangerous diseases, which often lead to lethal outcome. A contemporary pace of life often doesn’t allow time for cooking at home, thus the families either eat out, or order food home. It is rarely that families order home healthy foods like salad. Most of Americans prefer pizza, where it is lots off fat and carbohydrates. In addition lots of parents prefer to stock the fridge with high-calorie snacks the children can eat while watching TV or playing computer games. Chocolate bars, soft drinks, and chips are the main ration for many American children. Over and above, there are few kids in the USA that are involved in some kind of physical activity. It’s no wonder the statistic says that 11% of children are obese in the USA and there is also the significant percent of those, who are overweight. (World Heart Federation Fact-Sheet, 2002). The situation with adult obesity is even more threatening. If we consider the fact that being overweigh is having body mass index higher than 25, and obesity is defined as having BMI 30, or greater, the statistical data, gathered in 2003, shows that 39. 8 million American adults, more than 57% are overweight. One-quarter of American adults are also obese. (CDC, 2006) Television and computer games contribute greatly to the weight problems, as today 43% of American adolescents watch TV more than two hours a day, sitting still near the TV set, and often eating snacks. Genetic predisposition factors also shouldn’t be neglected, as their combination with the unhealthy lifestyle usually leads to the severe weight problems. And it is often that obese teenagers become obese adults. Most Americans love fast food, and some of them are dining there two-three times a week. As you understand, no weight loss is possible in such a regime, as the foods offered in McDonalds and similar restaurants are full of empty calories. After a snack in the fast food a person often still feels hungry, even thus he /she consumed twice more calories than he/she needed. As we can see, fast food is one of the factors that determine obesity epidemic that exists in the U. S nowadays. Of course, the McDonalds and other fast food restaurants’ officials try to disprove this fact. Nevertheless, the movie Super Size Me, filmed by Morgan Spurlock, proved it convincingly. Mr. Spurlock, the author and the director of this film, put his own body on the line. He decided to live on nothing, but McDonald’s food, during the entire month. The results were that he gained lots of weight, developed depression, and sugar cravings. As we can se, fast food influences the physical and psychological health of its consumers badly. Healthcare professionals state that consuming fast food leads to obesity, which is one of the causes of diabetes, heart diseases, and other dangerous conditions. Moreover, obesity influences the psychological condition of the patient, leading to development of eating disorders, like Anorexia or Bulimia Nervosa, or Binge eating (Levy, 2000). It is obvious that consuming great amounts of fast food is mortally dangerous. References 1. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Overweight and Obesity: Obesity Trends: U. S. Obesity Trends 1985–2004. Retrieved 12 March, 2006 from URL: http://www. cdc. gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/trend/maps/ 2. World Heart Federation (2002). World Heart Federation Fact-Sheet. Obesity/Nutrition. 3. Supersize Me. A film of Epic Portions. (2002). About the Movie. Retrieved 12 March, 2006 from URL: < http://www. supersizeme. com/home. aspx? page=aboutmovie> 4. Levy, L. (2000). Understanding Obesity: The Five Medical Causes. New-York: Firefly Books Ltd. , p. 11.

Human Resources and Their Recruiting Medium

I. Introduction to Online Recruiting There are several methods used by employees to recruit job applicants. Human resource recruiters can use traditional methods such as posting a job listing in a newspaper or hire an employment agency to search for job applicants. They may also choose to communicate with career office employees at universities and colleges to attract candidates, use networking methods at professional organizations, advertise in newspapers or on television, or use more recent recruiting sources such as the internet to find potential future employees. Recruiting job seekers over the Internet is a recent trend that allows organizations to successfully hire qualified applicants to join their corporation's workforce at a low cost compared to some other recruiting procedures. In recent times, many firms advertise job opportunities by placing a job posting on the Internet for external job hires. Some companies even use the Intranet to hire employees internal to the organization. The Intranet is used for internal recruiting purposes within a company and is a system that allows employees to view job openings at the company they currently work for. Through both the Internet and Intranet, job applicants can view the available positions and submit their resumes online. Employees can review several resumes and follow up by contacting candidates for interviews. Job recruiting over the Internet allows candidates and corporations a chance to connect. Online recruiting is a fast growing, popular service of the World Wide Web that many organizations are using for recruiting purposes. The employment industry has taken a big step towards recruiting in cyberspace. Applicants can be quickly located and recruited to join a team at a corporation. â€Å"Recruiting is the process of generating a pool of qualified applicants for organizational jobs.† (Mathis and Jackson, pg. 70) Recruiting over the Internet is not a replacement for traditional methods like radio advertising, newspaper listings, networking or attending career fairs, but is becoming very popular in our society. It is a good resource when an applicant is in search of a career opportunity. Lately, many newspapers place their job ads online for job seekers to view. Electronic advertising is a method of recruiting that corporations should consider when searching for qualified applicants to fill an opening in an organization. Companies should use this tool to attract qualified people. It is very important to recruit productive, trustworthy employees that will fit in the corporation's cultural environment and help the company achieve the established goals. Employees should follow the mission of the organization and work to help the business succeed. People, our human resources, need to be trained to meet these corporate goals. It is very costly to hire an employee that steals from the business or leaves the company after several training and recruiting dollars have been spent. Human resource managers want to obtain people that can grow with the company and are motivated employees. Electronic recruiting can be used to find employees with these skills. â€Å"The net has spawned a national marketplace for professional, managerial, and technical jobs.† (â€Å"Life on the web†) In the book, Smart Strategies, the author suggests you consider five approaches if you want to recruit online. First, you should â€Å"create your own web page on which you describe your company and list your employment needs.† Many organizations use this resource for applicants already interested in the company to view. It is also important to use an online headhunter for specialized or hard-to-find positions. Make sure the headhunter has a good reputation and is experienced in this field. Next, use search engines to locate applicants. The employer can simply type in a keyword such as accounting to narrow the search. Also, post your job listing on a Usenet newsgroup. Last, communicate with applicants through listserves. This means that you can specify your job openings and users are allowed to narrow their field of search. An applicant may search by state, company name, job title, or qualifications for the position. As you can see, subscribers receive a list on a specific topic of interest through electronic mailings. â€Å"The Internet opens a whole new world to the recruiting process. Online recruiting is definitely an employment tool of the future for companies of all sizes.† (Outlaw, pg. 80) Career sites such as The Monster Board allow individuals with various interests an opportunity to place their resumes online. â€Å"About 45 percent of the 50,000 jobs on The Monster Board are for one sort of technician or another, about 20 percent of the listings involve product management and development, and roughly 35 percent are completely nontechnical, such as marketing and retailing positions.† (Maynard, pg. 2) Large employers and smaller organizations use the Internet to find a person to fill a vacancy at their company. Roberta Maynard says, â€Å"about 70% of the companies recruiting on The Monster Board have under 50 employees.† Also, â€Å"the latest statistic revealed 1 million resumes online, 1.2 million jobs offered, 3,500 employment Web sites and 5,800 recruiting companies online in 1996, according to Internet Business Network's 1997 Electronic Recruiting Index.† (Wells, pg.1) More recent data probably indicates more resumes entered online, more jobs offered through this method, and an increase in organizations specializing in this area. This method of recruiting is becoming very popular for businesses to use. III. Advantages to the Job Candidates There are several benefits to candidates who use computerized services to find a job position. Many college graduates and professionals take advantage of Electronic Search Firms such as Online Career Center, CareerPath, CareerBuilder, and JobCenter to search for employment opportunities or view the websites of corporations they are interested in. One popular online database system is Careermosaic and can be found at the web address http://www.careermosaic.com where users can enter their resume for companies to review. Web sites such as Careermosaic offer advantages to the applicant by as giving the candidate the ability to gather information on organizations and various job opportunities, send out mass quantities of resumes to be viewed by several employers, state geographic preferences, and enjoy cost savings benefits for the applicant. Job candidates also save a tremendous amount of time using this method compared to other job hunting processes, may be able to look for internal jobs, and might find a site that allows them to look for a position by area of specialty or interest. A. Information Gathering on Organizations and Various Job Opportunities Applicants can read about current positions and jobs that have been listed for awhile and find out the necessary qualifications for the career opportunity. The candidate may even have a chance to view the salary given for a particular position. This system is very easy to use to locate a job position. Also, it is fairly easy to research a company to find background information to enhance interview preparation, areas of expertise, and job postings over the internet and apply for a position that interests you. Some websites even allow you to scan your resume instead of typing it in to apply for potential future employment opportunities. B. Mass Quantities of Resumes Viewed Many recruiters can view your resume by simply placing it on one of these popular sites. It would take a lot of time to send each employer you resume through another method. The candidate can choose a resume web site to submit their resume and wait for organizations to contact them when there is a possible fit for a job position. The ideal geographic location as well as other preferences can be listed on the online resume. For example, a candidate in Michigan graduating from Michigan State University may search for a job position in California and find out the responsibilities for the job, qualifications needed for the position, and which facility is hiring. When the candidate is viewing employment opportunities he or she can look for jobs in a desired location. Placing your resume online and searching company websites is free of charge so the candidate can benefit from cost savings over traditional methods of job searching. It can be very expensive to purchase high quality paper and envelopes as well as stamps to send a company your resume and cover letter. The electronic method also is less expensive compared to fax machines for long distance calls. This automated hiring process speeds up the procedure for both the employee and employer. The submitted resumes can be processed very quickly. You don't have to wait as long as it would take a typical resume submitted by mail to get into the hands of a human resource recruiter. By placing your information on the Internet, you can save time compared to the time that would be spent on the more traditional methods of sending resumes and cover letters. For example, a computer company in Dallas could place an advertisement for a job on their website or through another service over the Internet. A candidate can view the opening and express his or her interest immediately instead of waiting a few days for a mailed resume to reach the employer. For internal employees searching for a new job in their current place of employment they may have the option of using the Intranet for internal transfers within a company. According to Samuel Greengard, for HR groups today, the most action is on corporate Intranets, which allow secure Web-based communication within a company. Employees that work for an organization and wish to look for an opening in another department or a different position in the area they are currently working in can review the job postings internal to the company on the intranet if the firm has established this service. Dave Taylor, author of â€Å"Hire the best with internet, intranet resume databases,† believes companies can keep their competitive edge by designing a job database on your intranet to help retain employees, move them into their ideal position, and lower the cost of hiring. There are Career Sites that are designed primarily for applicants with certain backgrounds. For example, an applicant interested in being a physician, nurse, pharmacist, or physician's assistant can search for a job on the Medical Economics Online site. Someone wanting a job in a field like Information Systems can locate a search company that specializes in this area. Candidates can sort through jobs by geographic area, by job type such as marketing or accounting, by company name, or other desired preferences to specify an interest. A job applicant will enjoy the benefits of searching numerous positions that fit their credentials from home or at work. There are also several advantages to the employer that recruits employees online. The recruiter will realize they have a wide audience to reach over the Internet for available job openings and save time compared to other recruiting methods. They may also enjoy the benefit of saving money in this area, can get feedback to find out how many candidates have viewed the job opportunity, and bring attention to the organization. The human resource person also has the ability to sort through resumes submitted to their department, can find a person interested in a specific location to work, and enjoys the benefit of managing the large amounts of resumes received. The Human Resource recruiter discovers the benefit of reaching a wide audience by having a good advertising distribution through electronic websites. This means that the ad for the job position reaches many applicants all over the world. It would take a lot of time to place advertisements on television, in many local papers, or on the radio in several locations to find a suitable individual for a job. Advertisements placed over the Internet tend to reach greater numbers of people. Reaching a wide volume of people is an important factor to many recruiters. A recent term used by some corporations is Just in Time Recruiting (JITR) which brings the candidates to employers at the time that the company needs to hire someone. (Electronic Recruiting News, pg.1) This is very helpful when a company needs a replacement for an employee that left the corporation suddenly or a departmental need is realized. The employer can receive many resumes within hours of a job opening rather than waiting weeks to get resumes in the mail or through fax machines. Applicants can be found in cyberspace within a short time period. One of the most important advantages to the employer looking for possible hires online is the cost savings aspect of this recruiting method. Recruiting over the Internet costs much less than the typical methods of recruiting like advertising in a newspaper. This allows companies an opportunity to slash costs that are spent on recruiting. In comparison, a typical ad placed in a newspaper has a fee of versus an average cost of to place a listing on the Internet. â€Å"Web recruitment sites are free to the searcher, and the employer typically pays $2,000 to $2,500 a month to advertise as many as 100 job openings.† (â€Å"Life of the Web†) The cost to advertise on commercial sites will vary depending on what services the company offers and how long the posting is listed. Some of these sites want to increase the size of their database and do not charge for the service. â€Å"Those that do set fees typically charge $25 to $150 per job listing, with the duration of listings averaging four weeks.† (Maynard, pg. 3) There are some companies that offer the benefit of unlimited postings but charge an annual rate. Dr. Jim Jones from Colombia/HCA, Trident Medical Center said in his round table discussion with our Human Resource Management class that his department uses the internet at times to recruit employees to the hospital and it only costs about $20 a job posting. This is a small amount for such a large hospital. He has found some successful candidates using this method of recruiting employees. In an article on the topic of online recruiting there is a good example given about a Human Resource employee's experience using this method of attracting applicants and the benefits of this procedure. It says, â€Å"West decided to pay $125 for a classified ad listing that ran for 60 days with an Internet recruiting service. She not only found the right person to fill the job but also saved her company money – a weekend ad in her local paper would have cost three times as much.† (Maynard, pg. 1) â€Å"Some sites offer feedback to the employer, such as tracking the number of resumes that a given job listing generates.† (Maynard, pg. 3) The human resource individual can simply go into the site they posted a job on and look to see how much interest the position has received. Companies can stand out by putting more detail in their listings and can even create their own website to discuss their products and services as well as other corporate characteristics. Corporations should not assume applicants know to go to their website to find a position for future employment but can use their website to advertise job postings. Companies need to bring the individuals looking for employment to their site to use these features. An organization may go through an Electronic Search Firm to attract people to their business. The organization can match an applicant with the desired qualifications to the position. They can simply type in keywords to identify applicants with the necessary skills. â€Å"Adding a section composed entirely of keywords is useful because employees often search resumes for specific skills on a keyword basis.† (Martin, pg. 1) This can be very beneficial to both the recruiter and the job candidate. The Human Resource employee can search through several resumes and choose candidates that match the description of the job. The applicants could have a technical background since they are using a computer source to find a job. Employers have realized applicants in many fields use this service. The resumes are collected and entered into a database that allows employers to search through, store, and sort for keywords or by job type. Recruiters can use sites to search through resumes such as The Monster Board, which is an established service that several job seekers use to find employment and is located at http://www.monster.com. G. Geographic Location Specification If a company chooses to interview international applicants from other countries, the recruiting online method works because it reaches people all over the world. Recruiters can look through resumes to find candidates interested in working in a specific city in a country or even overseas. Online recruiting gives employers the benefit of managing the mass quantities of resumes received. It can be very overwhelming for a human resource representative at a large company to place applicants in various areas and have to read many resumes received for a particular position that may not fit the qualifications the company is looking for in a job candidate. Global Computer News, â€Å"GCN says the office now takes between 8000 and 10,000 applications over a four-day period without being overwhelmed.† (Appleton, pg. 4) V. Things to Consider When Applying Online Although, there are many benefits to recruiting online, there are also some things you should consider when applying for an opportunity at an organization through this method. You should consider the fact that you are only a name or number in a database and do not have personal contact with a recruiter at a company. It is important to differentiate yourself from other candidates. â€Å"Industry experts indicate that job candidates must still differentiate themselves even if a resume is delivered by fax or E-mail.† (Vitello, pg. 1) Some applicants chose to follow up with a phone call to introduce themselves to a representative of the corporation they are trying to work for. Also, remember your current employer may have access to the Internet if you wish to keep your job searching to yourself. There can be a risk to submitting your resume over the net. â€Å"On those databases, resumes can be just as easily accessed by a present employer as any other.† (Bergstrom, pg. 3) â€Å"Sending highly personal resume information electronically involves security risks.† (Appleton, pg. 1) It is not always the applicants with great qualifications that search the web either. Human resource employees at some corporations may not use the Internet to recruit employees so applicants may not be able to use this source in all situations. Not everyone has technological skills. A disadvantage for the job candidate that wants to apply for employment opportunities online is that they don't always know where to go to submit their resume. Another thing to consider when putting your credentials online is that the user of a career site should make sure they have the option to make edits to the resume they submit online. Jeff Walker, Major Accounts Receivable Manager from Automatic Data Processing (ADP) discussed the topic of electronic recruiting at the Society of Human Resource Management Association meeting on June 15, 1999. He said ADP does recruit employees over the Internet and can offer this opportunity to other companies interested in using this method. Mr. Walker believes the costs of recruiting are increasing and organizations should use the electronic recruiting methods to help locate candidates that match the skills needed for the job position. The web has a wide reach of potential applicants, can offer faster access to information on candidates, and is convenient. Employers like internet recruiting because it gives â€Å"faster results via electronic medium, has access to new talent base, cost less than traditional methods, is easy to integrate existing technologies with recruiting methods, and provides quality candidates.† (Jeff Walker Presentation to SHRM, June 15, 1999) Nancy , a Human Resource recruiter from Mecosa, located on Daniels Island, says their company is starting to think about recruiting job applicants online but is focusing on other important issues currently. She does wish to recruit over the Internet but it will take some time before the company is ready to step into this area. A guest at the SHRM meeting, Deborah Coleman, a human resource employee from Berkeley – Dorchester EDC has used this process to find employees a few times. Clint and Maxine from Williams Technology in Summerville, South Carolina have used this recruiting method to find a few employees but have not used this process extensively. Many companies realize there are many benefits to recruiting employees online but most organizations using this procedure currently are large businesses or smaller companies that have available resources. For example, Allison Dennis, from Santee Cooper does use electronic recruiting to locate potential applicants and enjoys the be nefits of the process. Although there are some things to consider when using online recruiting methods for hiring or job searching purposes, many individuals and corporations enjoy the advantages of electronic recruiting to find employment opportunities or to place an individual in a job opening. Online recruiting is a way to recruit job candidates that has been growing in popularity in our society and probably will continue to be used by many organizations to find qualified applicants for job openings. It has been a successful procedure for human resource recruiters all over. I. Introduction to Employee Selection Tests When deciding on hiring a job applicant or not there are various tests we might decide to administer to the individuals to access their potential for a job opening. We may consider the accuracy and usefulness of the different options to screen employees including selection exams. Also, many question the validity of these tests when deciding on administering them or not to jobseekers. If used correctly the various selection tests can provide useful information on candidates to an organization. â€Å"Proper selection can minimize the costs of replacement and training, reduce legal challenges and result in a more productive workforce.† (Ranner, pg. 1) Many think the popularity of these exams is growing and more corporations are administering these tests to prospects of employment. Employers would like to predict which candidates would be successful if offered a position with the company so they use selection tests. â€Å"Some employers purchase prepared tests, whereas others develop there own.† (Mathis & Jackson, pg. 79) Blackbaud does use various selection tests such as There are several selection tests that employers give to potential candidates to access their potential as future employees. Employers may use skills tests such as math or computer exams, genetic screening, drug and alcohol tests, handwriting analysis, medical exams, and psychological or personality tests to select employees. They may also choose to give honesty and written integrity exams, emotional intelligence exams, and AIDS tests to determine if the individual will receive a job at a company. Many organizations give skills exams like math tests or computer examinations to determine the capabilities of a potential employee. Often times clerical exams or another type of knowledge test is given to determine the applicant's skills. The employer needs to know this information to decide if it is worth training an applicant that lacks some abilities for the job or hire an individual who can perform the given duties. If the exam relates to the job responsibilities than employers should not worry about being sued for asking job seekers to take a skills test. A recent trend in corporations is to perform genetic screening before deciding to hire an individual. These tests can explain the background of the applicant. This screening process can â€Å"identify individuals who are hypersensitive to harmful pollutants in the workplace.† (Schuler and Huber, pg. 251) These employees can be placed in other positions that are not hazardous to their health if it is determined there is a risk. There is a debate over the ethics of using this method to screen applicants for a job. â€Å"Believe it or not, some big companies are using gene testing to screen out job applicants vulnerable to expensive and debilitating diseases.† (Cronin, pg. 1) Many organizations use drug and alcohol screening to eliminate hiring employees that may not be productive because of bad habits. It is important to employ individuals that do not have problems of substance abuse. Often times, employees with drug or alcohol addictions come to work late, are not motivated, and do not perform their job responsibilities adequately. â€Å"Drug studies have been done to help indicate problems that may occur with people that have drug problems. These studies indicate that a single pre-employment drug test can differentiate groups of persons at higher risk for certain poor job behaviors.† ( ) Many applicants expect to be tested for drugs and know methods to pass these exams so organizations should be aware of this possibility. â€Å"Preplacement tests are administered after a company makes a job offer contingent upon a clean result.† (Cronin, pg.4) Candidates should fill out a questionnaire before tested for drug usage because prescription drug use can show up in the laboratory results. A sample of urine, hair, or blood can be taken from the prospective employee to identify possible drug usage. The accuracy of drug tests varies according to the type of test used, the item tested, and the quality of the laboratory where the test samples are sent.† (Mathis and Jackson, pg.82) Companies that provide care-giving services usually test for drug usage because employees need to be prepared to respond to emergencies. Several organizations administer these exams to their employees. Handwriting analysis (graphology) is useful if the expert predicting it is experience in interpreting handwriting samples. The candidate may be asked to write a one -page summary on why they would be a good fit for the job and signs it at the bottom. This procedure only takes about ten minutes but will be analyzed also to determine the analysis of the handwriting. Handwriting exams are inexpensive, simple, and can reveal a lot about the personality of an applicant. There is a fee of about $150 for a two-page evaluation of a person's handwriting. A behavioral style analysis in the shorter versions runs for a cost of around $90-$150 for a two-page evaluation. As far as handwriting analysis in business, â€Å"In the selection of personnel, handwriting analysis is an invaluable tool for helping to choose the most suitable person for the job.† â€Å"For job seekers handwriting analysis provides an added bonus in that it requires no painful or embarrassing interview which a sensitive candidate is likely to see as an invasion of privacy.† Medical exams might be given to employees during the screening process. â€Å"After you make an offer, you can, under federal law, require a complete head-to-toe physical and access to all medical records.† (Michael P. Cronin, pg.4) In the United States, eleven of the states limit the use of this medical information to job-related needs. There is a high cost to the employer to give physical exams to potential employees so this is often done after other screening procedures are completed. â€Å"According to the Uniform Guidelines, physical examinations should be used to screen out applicants when the results indicate that job performance would be adversely affected.† (Huber and Schuler, pg. 250) â€Å"The Americans with Disability Act prohibits a company from rejecting an individual because of a disability and from asking job applicants any questions relative to current or past medical history until a conditional job offer is made.† (Mathis and Jackson, pg.82) These exams are valid if the physical characteristics of the candidate are essential to the job responsibilities. The American and Disabilities Act prohibits companies with more than 15 employees to ask questions about a candidates medical conditions before a job offer is given. Employers need to have a valid reason for not hiring someone based on a medical exam. F. Psychological or Personality Examinations Psychological or personality examinations may be given during the selection of future employees process. An exam may be used as a personality tool and could give results such as showing how aggressive a future sales representative will act. Companies may screen for emotional disorders but organizations should be careful because these tests should only be used for employees that work in security positions only because you don't want an employee that is considered dangerous to have a gun. The federal government in 1988 banned lie-detector tests and psychological tests became popular. These exams can test for an applicant's propensity to steal. They are used to look for emotional disorders in job candidates.

Research Proposal Essay Example

Research Proposal Essay Example Research Proposal Essay Research Proposal Essay Research Proposal 1. 1Topic Cervical cancer and screening; knowledge and attitude of St. Dominic Hospital Staff in the Eastern egion of Ghana. 1. 2 introduction background Cervical cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women in Ghana and knowledge about its cause, risk factors, prevention, symptoms and treatment is essential in the fight to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality among women in the country. Cancers are developed, not acquired thus cannot be transmitted to other persons. It is one or some of the individual’s own body cells that transform, divide rapidly and become hostile to other sorounding tissues, organs and sometimes the entire human system. A research conducted by Ghana Health Service indicate that an estimated 3038 women are diagnosed annually of cervical cancer and 2006 women die from the disease every year. Daily Graphic, 2013. Cervical cancer like all other cancers develops from a single cell that defies the laws of cellular division and begins to abnormally replicate and produce cells that differ in structure and function of the parent cells in the tissue. It takes many years for an individual to begin to have symptoms suggestive of disease in the affected part. Unlike breast cancer, another leading cancer among women which women can self examine their breasts for abnormal lumps as an early diagnostic measure, it takes the services of special health professionals and an extended procedure to examine woman’s cervix for abnormal growth or cancer. The Human Papilloma Virus(HPV) infection, early sexual debut, multiple exual partners, multiparity, low social economic status, are the major risk factors to the development of cervical cancer. A lot of studies have identified the Human Papilloma Virus infection as the principal cause of Cervical cancer development, a virus which is sexually transmitted. Women who are sexually active or has had sex before are likely to be exposed the HPV. Knowledge of risk factors, early detection of symptoms and undergoing screening is the way forward for the prevention of advanced cervical cancer among Women who are sexually active. Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear) and visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid wash (VIA) are the screening options available with the latter being newly introduced, piloted and getting adopted by the Ministry of Health, Ghana because it is simpler and faster and result is readily available after the procedure. Both screening options requires a speculum to be inserted into the vagina for the cervical lining to be visualized and then processed for abnormality. Cervical cancer is curable if detected early. Cryotherapy, a procedure where an iced carbon dioxide is used to kill the cancer cells has been widely used to treat early cervical cancers and has yielded tremendous results. If cervical cancer is not detected early and becomes advanced, its spreads to affect the other organs in the pelvis including the womb, bladder, urethra, rectum, etc. it is very painful, ‘disgraceful’ and offensive as urine and faeces may be discharging continually through the vagina. Such women are often nursed to peaceful death. Statement of problem As already pointed out, cervical cancer ranks the highest in the cancer morbidity and mortality among Ghanaian women. The yearly over 2000 deaths recorded in women as a result of Cervical cancer, a preventable and treatable disease is unacceptable in a developing country that needs to build its human resource for development. Knowledge about cervical cancer and screening programs is necessary and needs to be aggressively pursued to arrest and turn-around the high cervical cancer deaths among Ghanaian women. Health workers are change agents, they belong to Churches, clubs and other organizations. Their knowledge, awareness and attitude towards cervical cancer and screening is crucial and likely to correlate with their uptake of available screening programs and also encourage their friends, families and social organizations to do same to better the health and lives of Ghanaian women. The Ministry of Health, Ghana, is about giving vaccines to about giving HPV vaccines to about 32,000 females aged between the ages of 9 to 11 in the Central and Northern Regions to prevent HPV infection. But what is the fate of the remaining Ghanaian women who are or getting sexual active and worse of all those who can be found under the other risk factors ? Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to explore the knowledge and attitude of female clinical health staff of St. Dominic Hospital, Akwatia in the Eastern Region of Ghana concerning Cervical cancer and screening programs as a means of reducing cervical cancer mortality. Objectives of the Study 1. To explore the Knowledge and beliefs of respondents on cervical cancer as the major cancer morbidity and mortality among Ghanaian women. 2. To find out the level of knowledge of respondents on the risk factors of cervical cancer development and available cervical screening programs 3. To explore their attitude towards susceptibility to cervical cancer, and willingness to undergo screening. 4. To find out factors that hinder the participation of respondents in screening for cervical cancer 1. Literature Review The knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer and its prevention among interns and nursing staff in a Tertiary care hospital in Karachi-Pakistan was assessed by Ali et al in 2010 revealed that, â€Å"the majority of working health professionals are not adequately equipped with knowledge concerning cervical cancer†. They concluded that, â€Å"Continuing Medical Education program should be started at the hospital level along with conferences to spread knowledge about t his disease†. Ali et al 2010. Results from a study conducted with 171 women in Maroua in Cameroon to assess the knowledge, attitude and assumption of cervical cancer by women indicated that, â€Å"The awareness of cervical cancer by women in Cameroon is still inadequate. Thus, to avoid deaths from cervical cancer, a curable and preventable disease, the need of an aggressive campaign to make Cameroonian women aware of cervical cancer and its prevention is needed† Tebeu et al 2007. In another study conducted in Nigeria by GHARORO and IKEANYI in 2006 where structured questionnaire was used to elicit response from 195 female health workers. They concluded that, â€Å" the majority, 89%, believed that they were not at risk of developing cervical cancer. The self-reported utilization of Pap test among health workers was low. While there was a positive correlation between Pap test awareness and utilization, screening uptake was very poor due to a combination of inappropriate beliefs, misapprehension, and deficient knowledge. There is an urgent need for an aggressive awareness campaign and the provision of a screening program nationally†. A study conducted by Abotchie and Shoker in 2010 on cervical cancer among female University of Ghana students to explore their knowledge and health beliefs revealed that, â€Å"even in these highly educated populations, there is a lack of knowledge about the role of HPV† . they further stated that â€Å"Their lack of knowledge on cervical cancer and the need for periodic screening is indicative of a greater lack of awareness among the larger population of less educated women†. Three barriers were identified to negatively ssociated with screening : lack of belief that cervical screening diagnoses cancer, belief that pap test is painful and belief that the test will take away virginity. In another study, 9 clinicians who were trained in VIA and cryotherapy were observed for 18 months to assess the safety, acceptability and feasibility of a single-visit approach to cervical cancer prevention combining visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid wash (VIA) and cryother apy of a single-visit approach in Accra, Ghana. A total of 3665 women were screened and 13. 2% tested positive, out of which 70. % received immediate treatment and 21% delayed treatment. It was concluded that, â€Å"a single-visit approach using VIA and cryotherapy proved to be safe, acceptable, and feasible in an urban African setting† for that matter Ghana. Blumenthal et al, 2007. 1. 4 Methodoloty St. Dominic Hospital, Akwatia is a A case study approach will be used to make an in-depth exploration on the knowledge and attitude of the clinical health staff of St. Dominic Hospital, Akwatia in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The case study approach will enable a real-life information collection to be done.

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buy custom Field Research essay A group of believers have gathered at an open place. From the turn of events, it is as though they have just have dispatched from church. All members seem much concerned regarding the topic in play. None of them is dormant and each seems to have a point to contribute. One of the group members, a lady actually, interrupts her friends and she does not seem to agree with any of the members. She frequently gestures when explaining her point of view. Apparently the other members seem to appreciate her and each time her turn to talk to talk is over, they clap and laugh before one of the members complements the ladys sentiments. One of the members, a middle aged man is heard rebuking some evil spirits giving an example of another man who had been prayed for by the pastor. Any time the man talks, all other members listen keenly and they seem serious while their eyes are glued on the mans face. After a thirty minutes discussion, the group moves under a tree shade may be to hide from the scorch sun. They now seem comfortable with their new position. It is now much easier to hear what the discussion entails as the place is a bit raised. It is now pparent that the man was talking of a man believed to be possessed by evil spirits. He explains of how the pastor noted it and he called the man for a prayer session. At this point the man explains with much vigor to a point he opens wide his eyes. He talks of how this world is full of evil and no wonder most of the people have been indulging in evil doing and worshipping idols hence being possessed by evil spirits. The others uniformly raise their arms and rebuke while mentioning the devil. The lady who was fond interrupting herb friends now seems acceptable and she agrees on whatever the man says. Actually she is very supportive of the current topic and she even talks of how, many people condone devils works unknowingly and ultimat ely becoming devils followers. Lady 1: I think its time most of these people opened up their minds and learn the tricks by the destroyer. Its quite hard to note how the devil operates so the best thing is to get prepared my dear brethren. Lady 2: Exactly. Just look at him (she points at the direction they have come from and where the church is built. Though she never mentions annyone, the rest of the group seems to agree with her and they are quite aware that the lady is talking of the particular man the pastor prayed for). He would have been totally exploited by the devil but God always intervenes. Man 1: Actually what we ought to comprehend is that the devil is there to sooth no one. Not unless we become stronger in faith and much conscious regarding what is happening, am certain that the world will have to remain desperate as the devil is a liar, he came to steal, kill and then destroy. Let strengthen our faith in Christ. (The others in a chorus say Amen). Man 2. Otherwise God is good. (The others complement all the time). Seemingly all the members agree with one another and seem to share many feelings regarding any topic in play. They all back one anothers point of view and they really have a lot to share. This makes one conclude that these are members of the same church whereby they are attempting to strengthen one anothers faith through encouraging their fellow church mates. At the end the group disperses and only two of the members move in the same direction. Buy custom Field Research essay

The impact on proposed electrofication in the UK to railway Essay

The impact on proposed electrofication in the UK to railway infrastructure design - Essay Example closures followed after the issue of the Serpell report, which sought to secure improved financial results for the Railways (www.railwaysarchive.co.uk). This has however, only led to road congestion and according to the figures released by the Department of the environment, transport and the regions (DETR), 7% of the road network suffers congestion and 13% suffers heavy congestion for at least half of the year (DETR, 2000:41). Development of the rail network and its electrification has been mooted as a solution to the road congestion problem. The operation of rail services includes the operation of the infrastructure, such as the track and signalling, as well as the operation of freight and passenger services. This study will examine the proposals for rail electrification in the U.K. and its potential impact, to assess the benefits and costs, in order to derive a plan that can be applied for modification of the rail transport network. The Government has recently announced a plan to spend  £1 billion to electrify the rail lines between London and Swansea (BBC News Report, 2009). Existing diesel lines are also proposed to be converted to electric, because the benefits are likely to be cheaper, cleaner and more reliable transport. Therefore it has been suggested that despite the initial large investments in infrastructure that would need to be made, it is likely to be beneficial since the investment would pay for itself over a 40 year period and there would be no increase in fares. In arguing in favour of electrifying the rail network into Wales, Barry (2009) has argued that rail electrification would have a beneficial effect on the economy, despite the infrastructure changes that would be required. This infrastructure expense is considerable and has been estimated to be from about  £800,000 to  £1m, while the amount of track that needs to be covered would be about 90 miles, thereby bringing the costs to  £90m. But the benefits which would result include the

Why cambrige college lladd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why cambrige college lladd - Essay Example Flexible timings of Cambridge College would facilitate me to improve my education and learn necessary skills. Working population today faces more challenges and therefore they need to expand their horizon of knowledge through continuous learning for new skills and competencies. The evening classes of Cambridge College are not only convenient for working adults but it also offers excellent academic programs and opportunities of personal development. By enrolling for the part time professional academic program, I would be able to improve my job prospects. I am highly ambitious and my long term goal is to become senior Director of the firm I am working in. The evening academic program would significantly add value to my skills and knowledge. It would thereby equip me with informed choices so that I would be able to make more efficient and effective decisions in my personal and professional arena. I am confident that the part time program from Cambridge College would help me realize my

Legal and financial environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal and financial environment - Essay Example The contracts should also define the working hours and the leaves an employee should get. Moreover, any related employment policies such as anti-bribery laws make part of the contract. The rules and regulation relating the job assigned needs explicit statements. The relationship between the employer and the employee needs clarity. Nevertheless, the employee should know the ground in which issues such as dismissal, resigning from works occur. Moreover, the contract should define the expectations of the employer from the employees. That way, confusion would be minimal in that the employees will focus on what they are expected of to facilitate achieving the company’s goals and objectives (Cipd.co.uk, 2015). The U.K employment laws prohibit laws that discriminate in any way against any individual when making job advertisements. Some of the general rules that Grace and tailor should follow to avoid accusations during advertising and recruiting are mentioned below. First, the job advert must not imply or state that there will be discrimination of anyone. For instance, it should not imply that the company does not prefer workers with a disability. The use of a common phrase like â€Å"averagely experience† or â€Å"fresh graduates† is inappropriate. The platform where one advertises may also imply indirect discrimination, for example, advertising the job in the women’s magazine. Noticeably, specifying the age limit may also involve discrimination. During the recruiting process, the law prohibits the inclusion of date of birth on an application letter. Selecting potential employees for an interview based on age appears to be discriminative. Moreover, the U.K employment laws say that an applicant need not to talk about criminal convictions if any though areas such as schools may not have the rule applying to them. The employer should not use the membership of a trade union to influence the decision to

Best source of funding for research organization Essay Example for Free

Best source of funding for research organization Essay There are a number of ways of funding research programs to help medical clinics; we may have an aspect where the government lends a hand or seeking the indulgence of the pharmaceutical companies. (NCSL, 2014) The above stated are two of those ways. Acceptance of offers to carry out research depends on the wishes of beneficiaries; they get to choose whom they perceive to be their best options. (U.S. Congress, 2006) Grants by the federal government may be defined as the assistance in monetary terms offered by the American government. (NIST, 2014)The government assistance has to conform to the laws and regulations set about by the federal agencies. (USA Government, n.d.)Grants offered by the pharmaceutical companies; to conduct clinical research is one of the common ways of sourcing for money to carry out research activities for clinics. (Canadian Business Network, n.d) Pharmaceutical companies are private entities which may not be put under tight regulations as compared to public institutions. (Federal Grants, n.d)The financing pharmaceutical company may fund a research project they deem to be in line with what they find necessary for them. (D.o.J., 1998) Advantages of using government grants to fund research projects Government or federal grants are a good way of sourcing for funds; even though the central government may impose very strict measures to go about using the cash. (Cornell University, n.d.) Once a government agency has given the nod for one to conduct the research alongside the funds allocation; a research organization is left to conduct its affairs in the required time they find ample. (UCONN, n.d.) Pharmaceutical companies may impose timelines so that they launch their products for commercial gains. (The Arc, n.d.)Pharmaceutical companies may continue funding a project based on interests to be fulfilled; some may be under pressure to churn out products that cause a buzz within markets. (Grant Space, n.d.)Another risk involved with pharmaceuticals funding projects would be purely to spite their competitors and caress enormous egos of company executives and owners. (TGCI, n.d.) Government does not engage in competition; but their mandate is to look out for the welfare of their citizen s. (The White House, n.d.)It’s with the above stated reasons that governmental funding looks more appealing as compared to funding from private entities. (Homeland Security, n.d.)There would not be conflicts or interests as well as undue pressure. (FELDESMAN+TUCKER+LEIFER+FIDELL, n.d.) References NCSL. (2014). NCSL. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/american-health-benefit-exchanges.aspxU.S. Congress. (2006, October). Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Retrieved from https://cbo.gov/sites//10-02-drugr-d.pdfCanadian Business Network. (n.d.). Canadian Business Network. Retrieved from http://www.canadabusiness.ca/eng/page/2740/National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), United States Department of Commerce (DoC). (2014, February 25). ANNOUNCEMENT OF FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITY (FFO) Measurement Science and Engineering (MSE) Research Grant Programs. Retrieved from www.nist.gov//grants/USA Government. (n.d.). Benefits, Grants, and Loans. Retrieved from http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Benefits.shtmlFederal Grants. (n.d.). Federal Grants. Retrieved from http://www.federalgrants.com/D.o.J. (1998, September). The United States Department of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/crt/grants_statutes/legalman.phpCornell Univers ity. (n.d.). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://www.irb.cornell.edu/faq/UCONN. (n.d.). University of Connecticut. Retrieved from http://research.uconn.edu/The Arc. (n.d.). Public Policy. Retrieved from http://www.thearc.org/what-we-do/public-policy/know-your-rights/federal-lawsGrant Space. (n.d.). Knowledge Base. Retrieved from http://grantspace.org/tools/knowledge-base/Funding-Resources/Government-Funders/government-grantsTGCI. (n.d.). Thw Grantsmanship Center. Retrieved from http://www.tgci.com/training/competing-federal-grants-5-dayThe White House. (n.d.). Office of Mnagement and Budget. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/grants_defaultHomeland Security. (n.d.). Title VI Overview for Recipients of DHS Financial Assistance. Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov/title-vi-overview-recipients-dhs-financial-assistanceFELDESMAN+TUCKER+LEIFER+FIDELL. (n.d.). Federal Grants. Retrieved from http://www.feldesmantucker.com/federal-grants/ Source document